What is Data Preprocessing? Why It Matters in Machine Learning! Author: Bindeshwar Singh Kushwaha Real-World Data Challenges Missing or incomplete values Inconsistent formatting and typos Mixed data types (text, numeric, dates) Categorical variables needing encoding Scale variations and outliers What is Data Preprocessing? A set of techniques to clean and prepare raw data Essential for […]
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📘 Understand Poisson Distribution 📌 Introduction In binomial distributions, events’ occurrences and non-occurrences are equally important. However, in real-life situations: Events do not occur as outcomes of fixed number of trials. Events occur randomly over time. Interest lies only in the number of occurrences. Examples: Number of printing mistakes per page in a book. Number
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Binomial Distribution: Mean and Variance Problem 1: Mean = 3, Variance = 4? Given: Is it possible a binomial distribution has a mean of 3 and a variance of 4? Solution: Mean: \( \mu = np \) Variance: \( \sigma^2 = npq \), where \( q = 1 – p \) Given: \( np =
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Moment Generating Function of Binomial Distribution Author: Bindeshwar Singh Kushwaha Institute: PostNetwork Academy Definition of Moment Generating Function The moment generating function (m.g.f.) of a random variable \( X \) is defined as: \[ M_X(t) = E(e^{tX}) \] For a continuous random variable: \[ M_X(t) = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} e^{tx} f(x) \, dx \] For a discrete
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Vector Subspace in Linear Algebra Author: Bindeshwar Singh Kushwaha Institute: PostNetwork Academy Definition of a Subspace Let \( V \) be a vector space over a field \( K \) and let \( W \subseteq V \). Then \( W \) is a subspace of \( V \) if \( W \) is itself
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Moments of Binomial Distribution By Bindeshwar Singh Kushwaha — PostNetwork Academy Moment Definition Let \( X \sim B(n, p) \) be a binomial random variable. The \( r^\text{th} \) raw moment about origin: \( \mu_r’ = \mathbb{E}(X^r) = \sum_{x=0}^{n} x^r \cdot \mathbb{P}(X = x) \) First-order moment (mean): \( \mu_1′ = \mathbb{E}(X) \) Binomial
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Binomial Distribution Overview A discrete random variable \( X \) is said to follow a binomial distribution with parameters \( n \) and \( p \) if it takes on values \( x = 0, 1, 2, …, n \) with the probability mass function: \[ P(X = x) = \binom{n}{x} p^x q^{n – x},
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Neural Network Architecture for Iris Dataset Author: Bindeshwar Singh Kushwaha Institution: PosstNetwork Academy Outline Iris Dataset Overview Neural Network Architecture Mathematical Formulation Code Walkthrough Live Loss Plot Evaluation and Summary Sample from Iris Dataset Sepal Length Sepal Width Petal Length Petal Width Class 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2 Setosa 6.2 2.9 4.3 1.3 Versicolor 5.9 3.0
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Transpose of a Matrix Author: Bindeshwar Singh Kushwaha Institute: PostNetwork Academy What is the Transpose of a Matrix? The transpose of a matrix \( A \), denoted \( A^T \), is obtained by interchanging rows and columns. If \( A = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 & 3 \\ 4 & 5 & 6 \end{bmatrix} \),
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Matrix Operations with PyTorch Author: Bindeshwar Singh Kushwaha Institute: PostNetwork Academy Matrix Addition and Scalar Multiplication Matrix Addition: We add corresponding elements of the same-sized matrices: \( A + B = [a_{ij} + b_{ij}] \) Scalar Multiplication: Multiply each element of the matrix by the scalar value: \( kA = [k \cdot a_{ij}] \) Example:
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